Vol. 21 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation (JNDE), June 2024
Research Papers

Harnessing Terahertz Waves: Advancements in Non-Destructive Testing Applications

Published 30-06-2024

Keywords

  • Terahertz imaging and Spectroscopy,
  • Terahertz Non-Destructive Testing,
  • Coating Thickness,
  • Composites,
  • Thermal Barrier Coatings

How to Cite

Jyotirmayee Dash, Lenin B, Desh Praveen Kumar, Ruban Raj, Shyamsunder Mandayam, & Bala Pesala. (2024). Harnessing Terahertz Waves: Advancements in Non-Destructive Testing Applications. Journal of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (JNDE), 21(2), 56–63. Retrieved from https://jnde.isnt.in/index.php/JNDE/article/view/87

Abstract

Terahertz (THz) technology has established itself as an effective non-destructive technique for the detection of various materials. Over the last decade, the effectiveness and accuracy of this technology have been demonstrated extensively in various applications starting from structural health monitoring, quality control to non-destructive testing. The THz industry is rapidly moving towards a more customized, rugged, turnkey THz systems that can be used in various industrial applications. This article presents a comprehensive overview of non-destructive testing applications of THz imaging and spectroscopy. It also explains the fundamentals of Terahertz radiation and its applicability in various real-world scenarios such as coating thickness, detection of internal defects, debonds and delamination of composites, quality monitoring in pharmaceutical tablets, defect detection of electronic components etc. This paper also discusses the challenges deploying current THz systems in the real-world applications and way forward to overcome these challenges.

References

  1. J. Dash et al., “Tuning of Terahertz Resonances of Pyridyl Benzamide Derivatives by Electronegative Atom Substitution,” J Infrared Millim Terahertz Waves, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 636–650, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10762-018-0500-8.
  2. W. Nsengiyumva et al., “Sensing and Nondestructive Testing Applications of Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging Systems: State-of-the-Art and State-of-the-Practice,” IEEE Trans Instrum Meas, vol. 72, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3318676.
  3. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, J. Xu, K. I. Lin, J. S. Hwang, and X. C. Zhang, “Comparison between pulsed terahertz time-domain imaging and continuous wave terahertz imaging,” Semicond Sci Technol, vol. 20, no. 7, Jul. 2005, doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/20/7/021.
  4. S. Zhong, “Progress in terahertz nondestructive testing: A review,” Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 273–281, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0495-9.
  5. W. Nsengiyumva, S. Zhong, M. Luo, and B. Wang, “Terahertz Spectroscopic Characterization and Thickness Evaluation of Internal Delamination Defects in GFRP Composites,” Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 6, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s10033-022-00829-7.
  6. L. Afsah-Hejri, E. Akbari, A. Toudeshki, T. Homayouni, A. Alizadeh, and R. Ehsani, “Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging: A review on agricultural applications,” Comput Electron Agric, vol. 177, p. 105628, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105628.
  7. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/introduction-to-terahertz/.”
  8. P. Bawuah and J. A. Zeitler, “Advances in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of pharmaceutical solids: A review,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 139, p. 116272, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116272.
  9. https://azeriri.com/.”
  10. S. Kiritharan, S. Lucas, R. Degl’Innocenti, X. Hua, R. Dawson, and H. Lin, “Porosity characterisation of solid-state battery electrolyte with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,” J Power Sources, vol. 595, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234050.
  11. F. Zarrinkhat, A. Pentland, C. Reynolds, E. Kendrick, and P. F. Taday, “Using Terahertz Time-domain Spectroscopy to Measure Coating Thickness on Li-ion Electrodes,” in 2023 48th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), IEEE, Sep. 2023, pp. 1–2. doi: 10.1109/IRMMW-THz57677.2023.10298978.
  12. F. Ellrich et al., “Terahertz Quality Inspection for Automotive and Aviation Industries,” J Infrared Millim Terahertz Waves, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 470–489, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10762-019-00639-4.
  13. S. Unnikrishnakurup, J. Dash, S. Ray, B. Pesala, and K. Balasubramaniam, “Nondestructive evaluation of thermal barrier coating thickness degradation using pulsed IR thermography and THz-TDS measurements: A comparative study,” NDT & E International, vol. 116, p. 102367, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102367.
  14. B. N. Kumar et al., “Nondestructive Evaluation of Cryofoam with Uneven Surface by Continuous Wave Terahertz Imaging Using Dynamic Depth Focusing Technique,” J Nondestr Eval, vol. 42, no. 4, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10921-023-01015-y.
  15. N. Devi, J. Dash, S. Ray, and B. Pesala, “Thickness measurement of tablet coating using continuous-wave terahertz reflection spectroscopy,” L. P. Sadwick and T. Yang, Eds., Feb. 2016, p. 974709. doi: 10.1117/12.2212366.
  16. Y. C. Shen, “Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy and imaging for pharmaceutical applications: A review,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 417, no. 1–2. Elsevier B.V., pp. 48–60, Sep. 30, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.012.
  17. K. Ahi and M. Anwar, “Advanced terahertz techniques for quality control and counterfeit detection,” M. F. Anwar, T. W. Crowe, and T. Manzur, Eds., May 2016, p. 98560G. doi: 10.1117/12.2228684.
  18. K. Ahi, N. Asadizanjani, S. Shahbazmohamadi, M. Tehranipoor, and M. Anwar, “Terahertz Characterization of Electronic Components and Comparison of Terahertz Imaging with X-ray Imaging Techniques.”
  19. N. V. M. K. H. D. N. A. C Xi, “Enhancing counterfeit detection of integrated circuits through machine learning-assisted THz-TDS analysis,” in Terahertz, RF, Millimeter, and Submillimeter-Wave Technology and Applications XVII. Vol. 12885. SPIE, 2024.