Vol. 20 No. 3 (2023): Journal of Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation (JNDE), Sept 2023
Research Papers

Ultrasonic Imaging for Detection and Mapping of Complex Pattern of Subsurface Cracks in Concrete

PDF
  • Suhaib Reyaz,
  • Surendra Beniwal
Suhaib Reyaz
Indian Institute of Technology Jammu
Surendra Beniwal
Indian Institute of Technology Jammu

Published 10-09-2023

Keywords

  • Subsurface cracks,
  • damage evaluation,
  • ultrasound,
  • plane wave imaging

How to Cite

Reyaz, S., & Surendra Beniwal. (2023). Ultrasonic Imaging for Detection and Mapping of Complex Pattern of Subsurface Cracks in Concrete. Journal of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (JNDE), 20(3), 67–75. Retrieved from https://jnde.isnt.in/index.php/JNDE/article/view/40

Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (JNDE)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The cracks developed within the subsurface of the concrete need to be detected on time before their progression affects the structural performance and durability. However, these cracks have a complex geometry comprised of multiple segments of various lengths and orientation. Ultrasonic reflection-based imaging algorithms like TFM in concrete render images with low contrast and hence poor mapping of the reflectors. In this study instead of conventional imaging algorithms, plane wave imaging algorithm is used for reconstruction of subsurface images. The plane wave images have high contrast images and better mapped reflectors making it feasible for their geometrical quantification. The present study is aimed towards using plane wave ultrasonic imaging for detection and mapping of complex geometry of the subsurface reflectors embedded in the concrete experimentally. Two concrete blocks with their top having complex geometry and wrapped with polyethene sheets are placed in mould and whole specimen is cast with these embedded reflectors. The ultrasonic measurements are obtained using the ultrasonic array under each aperture. For smaller reflector 1 only one measurement is sufficient to map the whole geometry. However, for larger reflector 2, measurements are acquired at three different positions, the reconstructed images stitched together to achieve the complete geometry. The error in quantification of the geometrical properties remains contained within 6%. The study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of imaging of complex geometry of subsurface cracks in the concrete using plane wave imaging.

PDF

References

  1. A. Borosnyói, G.L. Balázs, Models for flexural cracking in concrete: the state of the art, Structural Concrete. 6 (2005) 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1680/stco.2005.6.2.53.
  2. C. Andrade, C. Alonso, F.J. Molina, Cover cracking as a function of bar corrosion: Part I-Experimental test, Mater Struct. 26 (1993) 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472805.
  3. M. Zomorodian, G. Yang, A. Belarbi, A. Ayoub, Cracking behavior and crack width predictions of FRP strengthened RC members under tension, Eng Struct. 125 (2016) 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.06.042.
  4. Y.Y. Kim, J.M. Kim, J.W. Bang, S.J. Kwon, Effect of cover depth, w/c ratio, and crack width on half cell potential in cracked concrete exposed to salt sprayed condition, Constr Build Mater. 54 (2014) 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.009.
  5. C.W. Chang, C.H. Lin, H.S. Lien, Measurement radius of reinforcing steel bar in concrete using digital image GPR, Constr Build Mater. 23 (2009) 1057–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.018.
  6. X. Zhou, Q. Chen, S. Lyu, H. Chen, Estimating the Direction and Radius of Pipe from GPR Image by Ellipse Inversion Model, (2022).
  7. S. Hiasa, R. Birgul, F. Necati Catbas, A data processing methodology for infrared thermography images of concrete bridges, Comput Struct. 190 (2017) 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2017.05.011.
  8. T. Omar, M.L. Nehdi, T. Zayed, Infrared thermography model for automated detection of delamination in RC bridge decks, Constr Build Mater. 168 (2018) 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.126.
  9. H. Ma, J. Qiu, The Application of Electromagnetic Induction Method in the Detection of Steel Bars Position in Reinforced Concrete Structure, in: 2020 11th International Conference on Prognostics and System Health Management (PHM-2020 Jinan), IEEE, 2020: pp. 490–493. https://doi.org/10.1109/PHM-Jinan48558.2020.00095.
  10. F. Zhang, L. Pahlavan, Y. Yang, Evaluation of acoustic emission source localization accuracy in concrete structures, Struct Health Monit. 19 (2020) 2063–2074. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921720915625.
  11. D. Wells, An acoustic apparatus to record emissions from concrete under strain, Nuclear Engineering and Design. 12 (1970) 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(70)90135-4.
  12. C. Hsiao, C.-C. Cheng, T. Liou, Y. Juang, Detecting flaws in concrete blocks using the impact-echo method, NDT & E International. 41 (2008) 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2007.08.008.
  13. K.F. Graff, Wave_Motion_in_Elastic_Solids, n.d.
  14. S. Ashok Kumar, M. Santhanam, Detection of Concrete Damage Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method, in: Proc. National Seminar on Non-Destructive Evaluation , 2006: pp. 301–308.
  15. K. Soetomo, T.F. Rahma, E. Juliastuti, D. Kurniadi, Ultrasonic tomography for reinforced concrete inspection using algebraic reconstruction technique with Iterative Kaczmarz method, in: 2016 International Conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA), IEEE, 2016: pp. 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICA.2016.7811468.
  16. C. Holmes, B.W. Drinkwater, P.D. Wilcox, Post-processing of the full matrix of ultrasonic transmit–receive array data for non-destructive evaluation, NDT & E International. 38 (2005) 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2005.04.002.
  17. S. Beniwal, A. Ganguli, Localized Condition Monitoring Around Rebars using Focused Ultrasonic Field and SAFT, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation. 27 (2016) 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2015.1052168.
  18. J. Zhang, B.W. Drinkwater, P.D. Wilcox, A.J. Hunter, Defect detection using ultrasonic arrays: The multi-mode total focusing method, NDT & E International. 43 (2010) 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.10.001.
  19. S.U. Reyaz, S. Beniwal, Plane Wave Imaging of Concrete Using Phased Array Ultrasonic Technique - A Numerical Study, in: 2021 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), IEEE, 2021: pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/IUS52206.2021.9593436.
  20. S. Müller, E. Niederleithinger, T. Bohlen, Reverse Time Migration: A Seismic Imaging Technique Applied to Synthetic Ultrasonic Data, International Journal of Geophysics. 2012 (2012) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/128465.
  21. M. Grohmann, S. Müller, E. Niederleithinger, S. Sieber, Reverse time migration: introducing a new imaging technique for ultrasonic measurements in civil engineering, Near Surface Geophysics. 15 (2017) 242–258. https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2017006.
  22. S. Beniwal, A. Ganguli, Defect detection around rebars in concrete using focused ultrasound and reverse time migration, Ultrasonics. 62 (2015) 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2015.05.008.
  23. A.O. De La Haza, A.A. Samokrutov, P.A. Samokrutov, Assessment of concrete structures using the Mira and Eyecon ultrasonic shear wave devices and the SAFT-C image reconstruction technique, Constr Build Mater. 38 (2013) 1276–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.002.
  24. Surendra Beniwal, Localized evaluation of interface bond of rebars in concrete using focused ultrasonic imaging, IITD, 2016.
  25. S. Beniwal, D. Ghosh, A. Ganguli, Ultrasonic imaging of concrete using scattered elastic wave modes, NDT & E International. 82 (2016) 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.04.003.
  26. D. Ghosh, S. Beniwal, A. Ganguli, A. Mukherjee, Reference free imaging of subsurface cracks in concrete using Rayleigh waves, Struct Control Health Monit. 25 (2018) e2246. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2246.
  27. S.T. Kuchipudi, D. Ghosh, An ultrasonic wave‐based framework for imaging internal cracks in concrete, Struct Control Health Monit. 29 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.3108.
  28. M.C. van Wijk, J.M. Thijssen, Performance testing of medical ultrasound equipment: fundamental vs. harmonic mode, Ultrasonics. 40 (2002) 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-624X(02)00177-4.